Ytdyklly

How to draw these two figures in TikZ?

I have gone as far as

documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}

begin{document}

begin{tikzpicture}

draw (0,0)--(-2,0);

draw (0,-2)--(-2,-2);

draw[thin] (0,0)--(0,-2);

draw (0,0)--(1.5,1)--(3.5,1);

draw (0,-2)--(1.5,-3)--(3.5,-3);

draw[thin] (1.5,1)--(1.5,-3);

draw (-2,-2) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,0);

draw[very thin] (-2,-1) to[out=50,in=-50] (-2,0);

draw (3.5,1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-3);

draw[very thin] (3.5,-1) to[out=-130,in=130] (3.5,-3);

end{tikzpicture}

end{document}

but I got stuck when I tried to insert the numbers and the small lines. They should have accurate slopes, and,

the red line and the blue line should not meet the green line at the same point.

These criterias are too difficult and complicated for me to overpass.

Can you help me? Any help is very appreciated.

Adaptions:

• I set the orign to the "0" of the horizontal scale.

Description:

• added 3 parameters:
  
  
  
  
  • 
    lenx is the horizontal length
  
  
  • 
    xscale is the scaling of one horizontal length unit
  
  
  • 
    startrange is the starting number of the vertical scale
  
  
  
  


• for loops and modulo calculations are used for drawing the scales

Code:

documentclass[margin=3mm,tikz]{standalone}



begin{document}



newcommand{lenx}{5.3} % e.g.: 0.4 or 5.3

newcommand{xscale}{.2}

newcommand{startrange}{0} % e.g.: 0 or 7



begin{tikzpicture}

    % scale right

    foreach i in {1, ..., 18} {

        pgfmathparse{Mod(i-1+startrange,5)==0?1:0}

        ifnumpgfmathresult>0

            % long line with number

            draw[blue] (lenx*xscale, -1+i*2/19) -- (lenx*xscale+.5, -1+i*2.5/19 -.25) node[right]{pgfmathparse{int(i-1+startrange)}pgfmathresult};%

        else

            % short line

            draw[blue] (lenx*xscale, -1+i*2/19) -- (lenx*xscale+.25, -1+i*2.25/19 -.125);

        fi

    }



    % horizontal scale (left)

    draw[red] (0,0) -- (lenx*xscale,0);

    draw[thick] (0,.3) -- (0,-.15) node[below]{0};

    pgfmathparse{int(lenx)}

    foreach i in {0, ..., pgfmathresult} {

        pgfmathparse{Mod(i,2)==0?1:0}

        ifnumpgfmathresult>0

            draw (i*xscale,0) -- (i*xscale,.15);

        else

            draw (i*xscale,0) -- (i*xscale,-.15);

        fi

    }



    % borders

    draw[thin, green] (lenx*xscale,1)--(lenx*xscale,-1);

    draw (-.5,1)--(lenx*xscale,1);

    draw (-.5,-1)--(lenx*xscale,-1);



    draw (lenx*xscale,1)--++(1.5,1)--++(2,0);

    draw (lenx*xscale,-1)--++(1.5,-1)--++(2,0);

    draw[thin] (lenx*xscale+1.5,2)--++(0,-4);



    % curvy lines (left and right)

    draw (-.5,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,0) to[out=130,in=-130] (-.5,1);

    draw[very thin] (-.5,0) to[out=50,in=-50] (-.5,1);

    draw (lenx*xscale+3.5,2) to[out=-50,in=50] (lenx*xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-50,in=50] (lenx*xscale+3.5,-2);

    draw[very thin] (lenx*xscale+3.5,0) to[out=-130,in=130] (lenx*xscale+3.5,-2);

end{tikzpicture}

end{document}

Results:

This is an attempt of a 3d answer. I acknowledge and appreciate comments by KJO that made me realize that this is not really realistic and by Raaja that made me choose a perhaps more intuitive offset. ;-)

documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}

usepackage{tikz-3dplot} 

usetikzlibrary{3d,calc}



begin{document}



tdplotsetmaincoords{00}{00}

foreach Z in {1.5,3,...,30,28.5,27,...,3}

{tdplotsetrotatedcoords{0}{Z}{00}

pgfmathsetmacro{VernierLength}{Z/2} % <- this is the length in mm you want to show

begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_rotated_coords,font=sffamily]

%  begin{scope}[xshift=-5cm]

%    draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) node[pos=1.1]{$x$};

%    draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,1,0) node[pos=1.1]{$y$};

%    draw[-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,1) node[pos=1.1]{$z$};

%  end{scope}

 path[tdplot_screen_coords,use as bounding box] (-3,-3) rectangle (5,3);

 path[tdplot_screen_coords] (5,3) node[anchor=north east] 

    {$mathsf{L}=VernierLength$};

 begin{scope}

   begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=0]

    path (0,0) coordinate (M1);

    draw (180:1) arc(180:0:1);

   end{scope}

   begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=1.5]

    path (0,0) coordinate (M2);

    draw let p1=($(M2)-(M1)$),n1={0*atan2(y1,x1)+atan2(1,1.5)/2.5} in

     ($(M1)+(-n1/2:1)$) coordinate (TL) -- ($(M2)+(-n1/2:2)$) coordinate (TR)

     ($(M1)+(180+n1/2:1)$) coordinate (BL) -- ($(M2)+(180+n1/2:2)$) coordinate (BR)

     (BR) arc(180+n1/2:-n1/2:2);

   end{scope}

   begin{scope}

    draw plot[variable=t,domain=0:360,smooth] 

      (-VernierLength/10-0.5,{cos(t)},{sin(t)});

    draw[clip] plot[variable=t,domain=0:180,smooth] 

      (-VernierLength/10-0.5,{cos(t)},{sin(t)})

      -- plot[variable=t,domain=180:0,smooth] 

      (0,{cos(t)},{sin(t)}) -- cycle;

    draw[thick] (-VernierLength/10,0,1) -- (0,0,1) 

      plot[variable=t,domain=60:110,smooth] 

      (-VernierLength/10,{cos(t)},{sin(t)});

    path let 

      p1=($(-VernierLength/10,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})-(-VernierLength/10,{cos(110)},{sin(110)})$),

       n1={90+atan2(y1,x1)} in (-VernierLength/10,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})

        node[rotate=n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{0};         

    pgfmathtruncatemacro{Xmax}{VernierLength/2}

    ifnumXmax>0

    foreach X in {1,...,Xmax}

    {ifoddX

      draw plot[variable=t,domain=90:110,smooth] 

      (-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(t)},{sin(t)});

%     path let 

%       p1=($(-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})-(-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(110)},{sin(110)})$),

%        n1={90+atan2(y1,x1)} in (-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(120)},{sin(120)})

%         node[rotate=n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{X};

     else

      draw plot[variable=t,domain=90:70,smooth] 

      (-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(t)},{sin(t)});

%     path let 

%       p1=($(-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(60)},{sin(60)})-(-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(70)},{sin(70)})$),

%        n1={-90+atan2(y1,x1)} in (-VernierLength/10+X/5,{cos(60)},{sin(60)})

%         node[rotate=n1,yscale={cos(30)},transform shape]{X};

     fi

     }

    fi

   end{scope} 

   %

   begin{scope}[canvas is yz plane at x=3.5]

    path (0,0) coordinate (M3);

    draw (180:2) arc(180:0:2);

    draw ($(M2)+(0:2)$) -- ($(M3)+(0:2)$)

    ($(M2)+(180:2)$) -- ($(M3)+(180:2)$);

   end{scope}

     pgfmathtruncatemacro{Offset}{180+10*VernierLength*7.2-12.5*7.2}

     pgfmathtruncatemacro{Xmin}{10*VernierLength+1-12.5}

     pgfmathtruncatemacro{Xmax}{Xmin+23}

    foreach X [evaluate=X as Y using {int(mod(X,5))},

      evaluate=X as LX using {int(mod(X,50))}] in {Xmin,...,Xmax}

    {ifnumY=0

       draw[thin] let 

       p1=($(0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(Offset-X*7.2)})-

       (0,{cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{sin(Offset-X*7.2)})$),

       p2=($(0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(Offset-X*7.2)})-

       (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(Offset-X*7.2+1)},{(1+0.4)*sin(Offset-X*7.2+1)})$),

       p3=($(0.6,{0},{(1+0.4)})-

       (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(91)},{(1+0.4)*sin(91)})$),

       n1={atan2(y1,x1)},n2={veclen(x2,y2)/veclen(x3,y3)} in

       (0,{cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{sin(Offset-X*7.2)})

        -- (0.6,{(1+0.4)*cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{(1+0.4)*sin(Offset-X*7.2)})

        node[pos=1.5,rotate=n1,yscale={n2},transform shape]{LX};

     else

       draw[thin] (0,{cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{sin(Offset-X*7.2)})

        -- (0.3,{(1+0.2)*cos(Offset-X*7.2)},{(1+0.2)*sin(Offset-X*7.2)});

     fi}

 end{scope}

end{tikzpicture}}

end{document} 

And here is a trick to draw the ticks. Call the point where the diagonal points intersect P. Then the ticks point to this point. Of course, in the end you want to remove the excess lines by clipping.

documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}

usetikzlibrary{calc}

begin{document}

begin{tikzpicture}[font=sffamily]

 draw (0,0)--(-2,0) (0,-2)--(-2,-2);

 draw[thin] (0,0)--(0,-2);

 draw (0,0)coordinate (TL) --(1.5,1) coordinate (TR)  --(3.5,1) ;

 draw (0,-2) coordinate (BL)--(1.5,-3)  coordinate (BR) --(3.5,-3) ;

 draw[thin] (1.5,1)--(1.5,-3);

 draw (-2,-2) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,-1) to[out=130,in=-130] (-2,0);

 draw[very thin] (-2,-1) to[out=50,in=-50] (-2,0);

 draw (3.5,1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-1) to[out=-50,in=50] (3.5,-3);

 draw[very thin] (3.5,-1) to[out=-130,in=130] (3.5,-3);

 path (intersection cs:first line={(TL)--(TR)}, second line={(BL)--(BR)})

  coordinate (P);

 clip (TL) -- (TR) -- (BR) -- (BL) -- cycle;

 foreach X [evaluate=X as Y using {int(mod(X,5))}] in {1,...,17}

 {ifnumY=0

   draw[shorten >=-20pt] (P) -- (0,-2+X/9) node[pos=1.65]{X};

 else

   draw[shorten >=-7pt] (P) -- (0,-2+X/9);

 fi  }

end{tikzpicture}

end{document}

A PSTricks solution just for fun purposes. I focus on the scale. The aesthetic aspects are too trivial.

documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt,12pt]{standalone}

usepackage{multido}

usepackage[nomessages]{fp}



makeatletter

defvernier#1{%

    begingroup

    psset{yunit=2mm,xunit=1mm,linecolor=red,linewidth=.8pt,linecap=0}

    pspolygon[fillcolor=yellow,fillstyle=solid,opacity=.9,linestyle=none,linewidth=.8pt,linearc=1pt](0,-6)(0,6)(6,7.5)(10,7.5)(10,-7.5)(6,-7.5)

    multido{iy=-5+1,in={numexpr#1-5relax}+1}{11}{%

        pst@modin{50}lbl

        pst@modlbl{5}tmp

        psline(0,iy)(!tmpspace 0 ne {2} {5} ifelse iyspace)

        ifnumtmp=0uput[0](3.5,iy){textcolor{red}{$lbl$}}fi

    }

    psline(.5pslinewidth,-5)(.5pslinewidth,5)

    endgroup

}



newcommandmicrometer[1]{%

bgroup

psset{xunit=.2mm,yunit=1cm,linewidth=1.6pt}

begin{pspicture}[linecolor=black,linecap=2](0,-1.3)(150,1.7)

    FPevalargs{trunc(#1*100:0)}

    pst@mod{args}{100}position

    FPevallbl{trunc(args/100:0)}

    multido{ix=0+50}{4}{%

        pst@modix{100}rem

        ifnumrem=0

                psline(ix,-17pt)(ix,17pt)

                uput[90](ix,16pt){lbl}

                FPevallbl{trunc(lbl+1:0)}

        else

                pst@modix{50}rem

                ifnumrem=0

                    psline(ix,-5pt)(ix,5pt)

                fi

        fi}

    psline(150,0)

    rput(dimexprpositionpsxunit-.4ptrelax,0){vernier{args}}

    rput(75,1.75){scriptsize#1}

end{pspicture}

egroup

}

makeatother



begin{document}

multido{n=3.00+0.01}{100}{micrometer{n}}

%micrometer{2.34}

end{document}